It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout. Messmer and others published plant breeding techniques find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. This seems to violate mendels postulate of independent assortment of genes and can make it difficult to pick out a single trait from one parent without also bringing over others. There are six basic types of cultivars that plant breeders develop. The earliest method of plant breeding based on an elementary knowledge of the laws of inheritance has been the selection of plants within landraces, based on the assumption that the progenies of the best individuals are expected to be superior to the progeny of a random sample of the population.
The following points highlight the top four methods used in crosspollinated crops. Backcrossing is an old breeding method that is now widely used to transfer. Early farmers discovered that some crop plants could be artificially mated or cross pollinated to increase yields. Back cross method and various modified methods backcross method in backcross method of breeding, the hybrid and the progenies in subsequent generations are repeatedly backcrossed to one of the parents. Plant breeding further advanced when the methodology of hybridization was developed. To respond to the increasing need to feed the worlds population, standing at 7. It is therefore essential for plant breeders to be entirely sure of whom the parents of a cross are. All crop breeding methods old and new are based on processes that occur in nature. Convergent cross a convergent cross is another complex breeding method used. This, as might be expected in view of the senior authors major contributions using this method, is well described, examples being taken from much of his work. History of plant breeding the most rudimentary forms of plant breeding likely originated during the transition of.
Weaber department of animal science and industry kansas state university introduction the dramatic changes and volatility cowcalf production system input costs and calf values have many producers wondering about the value of heterosis in todays beef. Advanced backcross qtl analysis is proposed as a method of combining qtl analysis with variety development. Its aim was to combine various desirable properties of many plants in one plant, instead of just choosing between good and bad plants. If the trait of interest is produced by a dominant gene, this process involves four rounds of. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. When the f1 is crossed with homozygous recessive parent. Selffertilization, where pollen from a plant will fertilise reproductive cells or ovules of the same plant. Module five focuses on breeding methodologies for cross pollinated crops where you will learn mass selections, recurrent selection, hybrid. Pdf selection in backcross programmes researchgate.
Using the a x b format example, a convergent crossing plan may be set up along. Seven chapters are allocated to accounts of the genetic properties of crosspollinated crops. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vol. Early farmers discovered that some crop plants could be artificially mated or crosspollinated to increase yields. The other major plant breeding concept quantitative traits pertains to features influenced by a group to genes and cumulative. In backcross method of breeding, the hybrid and the progenies in subsequent. Backcrossing has been used by plant breeders for decades to transfer specific character into elite lines. Venkata r prakash reddy, assistant professor, department of genetics and plant breeding, acharya. In particular, some methodological advances in plant and animal breeding seem to remain. If the trait of interest is produced by a dominant gene, this process involves four rounds of backcrossing within seven seasons. Introduction to backcross breeding the plant and soil sciences.
It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout organisms. Learn about the comparison between pedigree method and backcross method. Genetic linkage is a phenomenon in which genes tend to be inherited together. In a way, conventional plant breeding can be seen as a collection of techniques aimed at bringing together good parents to generate a better crop in the progeny. In addition to conventional breeding methods, various aspects of the. Backcross refers to crossing of f1 with either of its parents.
Full text of plant breeding principles and methods see other formats. List reasons why backcross breeding is necessary in developing genetically engineered lines. The method is used generally to improve the yield and other characters of the variety. Backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer. Essentials of plant breeding breeding for quantitative. Backcross breeding method 410 hort 407 4 backcross breeding at the end, all genes will be homozygous except the genes transferred from the donor parent one or few generation of selfing will result in a variety homozygous at all loci, including newly transferred genes the new variety would have all the adaptability of the recurrent parent in addition to the good characteristics of the. Raising backcross fls and crossing resistant plants with recurrent parent is. Several breeding methods are available to plant breeders for germplasm improvement, such as the pedigree method, bulk method, single seed descent, backcross method, and recurrent selection. An illustration of a backcrossing scheme aiming to transfer a. The breeding method used depends on the type of cultivar to be produced. The issue of plant breeding techniques and their compatibil ity with organic. These references and pdf files will be posted in blackboard. Following this strategy, qtl analysis is delayed until the bc2 or bc3 generation and, during the development of these.
Backcross breeding essentially a method for improving an established variety that is deficient in only one or a few characteristics the backcross generations converge on a single genotype only breeding method in which the results are both predictable and repeatable. Crosspollination, where pollen from one plant can only fertilize a different plant. Such processes, repeated over many generations, can change the hereditary makeup and. In plants, inbred backcross lines ibls refers to lines i.
Backcross method is the one whose main objective is to incorporate desired gene, either dominant or recessive, to the highly productive, commercially successful variety which lacks that specific gene. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using selec. Kidwell encyclopedia of life support systems eolss despite advances in technologies, plant breeding is still based on mendels original concept of inheritance which is extended to encompass the inheritance of quantitative. The book demonstrates that ppb is in essence no different from conventional plant breeding, being based on the very same principles of mendelian, quantitative and population genetics, and therefore has complemented the traditional approach to plant breeding with. Biotechnology applications for plant breeding and genetics. People learned not to eat all the best fruit but to plant the seed from some of them. In fact, traditional farming and lowinput systems, including organic. The present roadmap for plant breeding takes a look at usdas roles and achievements in plant breeding, and at recent stakeholder input, to map out ways in which usdas plant breeding work can contribute to ongoing success and future preparedness across all sectors of u. Simply the process of transferring pollen from one plant to another, in order to create a hybrid. Crossing between two inbreds or varieties is called single.
As a result, the genotype of the backcross progeny becomes increasingly similar to that of the recurrent parent. Learn more about the uses and methods of plant breeding. Desirable characteristics from different parent plants could also be combined in the offspring. This is accomplished by selecting plants found to be economically or aesthetically desirable, first by controlling the mating of selected individuals, and then by selecting certain individuals among the progeny. Plant breeding is defined as identifying and selecting desirable traits in plants and combining these into one individual plant. The pedigree method involves visual selection among indi vidual plants in early. The north dakota breeding program primarily uses a modified pedigree program and, to a lesser degree, backcross, single seed descent, recurrent selection.
Dec 22, 2015 backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer. Successful commercial plant breeding concerns were founded from the late 19th century. Nowadays, mabc is being used widely in plant breeding. Pdf modified backcross breeding method for rapid conversion of. Early on, it primarily involved selection, the choice between good and bad plants. Plant breeding and genetics all semester notes pdf file. Backcross breeding enables breeders to transfer a desired trait such as a transgene from one variety donor parent, dp into the favored genetic background of another recurrent parent, rp. Cross pollinated means that an insect or wind normally carries pollen from one plant to another in order to fertilize it self pollinated means that the plant will pollinate and fertilize itself both types require that you crosstone plan with another in. Pdf backcrossing is a wellknown and long established breeding scheme. The aim of this method to produce the new variety which is totally different from the parents bearing superior characters. Top 3 methods used in self pollinated crops breeding methods. Part iii plant breeding terms american hosta society. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with examples.
Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques. Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent. Since 1900, mendels laws of genetics provided the scientific basis for plant breeding. Requirements of a back cross method a suitable recurrent parent lacking in 12 characters a suitable donor parent with high intensity of the character to be transferred character to be transferred should be monooligogenic with high heritability sufficient no. Back cross method of breeding authorstream presentation. Plant breeding and genetics encyclopedia of life support. This method, often supplemented by germplasm derived from induced mutation, has become the most common one. In this method the breeder has considerable control of the genetic variation in the. This manipulation involves either controlled pollination. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout organisms backcrossed hybrids are sometimes described with acronym bc, for example, an f1 hybrid crossed. Plant breeders use different methods depending on the mode of reproduction of crops, which include. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. New concepts in plant breeding and genetics volume 7 issue 1 2017 venkata r prakash reddy assistant professor, department of genetics and plant breeding, acharya n g ranga agricultural university agricultural college, india correspondence.
Genetics became a fundamental science of plant breeding after the moravian monk j. Plant breeding and genetics all semester notes pdf file collections whole books pdf files. Plant breeders must be equipped with the tools to respond quickly to new demands by developing accelerated breeding techniques. Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture and particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with. It is tailored for the discovery and transfer of valuable qtl alleles from unadapted donor lines e. In this lesson the focus will be on the backcross method, which is a form of. Plant breeding matters is a unique source of information about the business and science of plant breeding, produced by the british society of plant breeders bspb. Plant breeding dates to the very beginnings of agriculture, though scientific plant breeding began only in the early 20th century. Plant breeding, application of genetic principles to produce plants that are more useful to humans. Modern plant breeding requires an understanding of genetics. Convergent cross a convergent cross is another complex breeding method used to combine the. Plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to change the genetic architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective. Backcross breeding method 410 hort 407 2 backcross breeding at the end, all genes will be homozygous except the genes transferred from the donor parent one or few generation of selfing will result in a variety homozygous at all loci, including newly transferred genes the new variety would have all the adaptability of the recurrent parent in addition to the good characteristics of the.
Statistical genetics and plant breeding the national. Plant breeders must have access to genetic variation in crop species. The variety which receives gene is recipient parent and variety which is the source of gene is called as donor parent. Kidwell encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. When you have problems fixing a particular trait within a plant, you can cross it back with your original parent plant that had the desired trait. The result is a spread of trait expressions in the progeny and is the result. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as progenitors for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable traits over time. Breeding selfpollinated species types of cultivars at the beginning of each project, the breeder should decide on the type of cultivar to breed for release to producers. Top 4 methods used in crosspollinated crops breeding.
Mendel discovered the laws of heredity in the mid19th century. The other major plant breeding concept quantitative traits pertains to features. Even though the phrase to breed plants often connotes the involvement of the sexual process in. The following points highlight the four main of plant breeding methods.
Susceptible but high yielding resistant 50% 50% 75% 25 87. Selection in backcross programmes is used to either improve the genetic value of plant. Download a pdf of statistical genetics and plant breeding by the national research council for free. The past, present and future of plant breeding vib. Transgenic breeding traditional breeding transgenic plants novel proteins may be introduced from. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging. Aims and objectives of plant breeding plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to change the genetic architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective.
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